Dozens of Policemen witness UFO over Flora USA;
Here we have an extraordinary UFO sighting witnessed by two dozen policemen, cases like this involving respected and credible eye witnesses are are not few and far between;It has to be said that UFO cases involving witnesses of this nature have often been overlooked and possibly ignored;
Policemen witness UFO over Flora, Mississippi, 1977;
FLORA, Miss. -- One of the most famous UFO sightings in the world happened in Mississippi.On Feb. 10, 1977, nearly two dozen law enforcement officers witnessed a giant floating object above the tree line in a cotton field off a rural Madison County road near Flora.A former deputy who said he saw the UFO told his story to WAPT's Darren Dedo. The deputy wanted his identity to be protected, so for the story, Dedo called him Joe.
"I'll tell you what though, most of them around here, you don't realize how many people have had a close encounter with what this is," Joe said. "It was approximately 15 to 18 feet off the ground, blue in color, kind of metallic blue, portholes around the center of it, shaped like an old spinning top kids use to use."Madison County sheriff's Deputy Kenny Creel was also there that night. His description of what happened made the Flora incident world-famous. Three decades later, his cousin, Michael Creel, said the deputy is tight lipped about it.
"He didn't really talk about it anymore. He said if he knew it was going to cause such a ruckus, he would have never said anything about it," Michael Creel said.Dedo spoke with Kenny Creel about the UFO he supposedly saw some 34 years ago. He didn't want to go on camera, but he did tell Dedo by phone that he actually made the whole thing up -- that it was some kind of a joke. But, others aren't so sure about that.
Joe believes Kenny Creel clammed up after the "feds" put the heat on him.
"The CIA told him that he didn't need to talk about it no more," Joe said. "They didn't want it out. I'm not sure what kind of threats were made."
Local UFO researcher Patrick Frascogna has launched a new investigation of the 1977 Flora sightings.
"The initial sighting was Kenny Creel's and James Ray Luke," Frascogna said. "These are credible witnesses in law enforcement."
Joe said people are still seeing UFOs around Flora. In January, he took a picture of something in the sky. He said the sightings are a town secret.
"It's one of those things folks just don't like to talk about," Joe said
The Police Officer Witness/More credibility;
More often than not the believability of any UFO sighting,report rests on solely the credibility, reliability and positions of the source of the witness testimony or the witness its self;Below is a very good summary of the importance based on the credibility of the UFO witness in this case the police;There is also included a bit by Dr Hynek on the reliability of the policemen in any given UFO report;
The Officer UFO Witness;
quote;
Why is the police officer considered a special witness to UFOs? Why are police officers important to the investigation of UFOs?
Nowhere else in the UFO phenomenon is more attention given than to that of the UFO witness.The witness lies at the core of the phenomena, if indeed it isn’t the core itself. In classic UFOlogy the witness is the sole source of data on the topic, providing the raw descriptions of sightings and experiences. Of all the studies and literature on the topic of UFOs, no subject dominates like reports from witnesses. Not all detailed witness reports are considered worthwhile however. More often than not the weight of the report will rest upon the credibility of the witness and the reliability of the witness to observe. Enter the police.
This section provides a review of what makes the officer such a critical observer at the core of UFO phenomenon, an introduction to the police witness/sighting saga, and touches on what progress has been made in providing a system to afford the officer-witness to come forward in order to contribute to the subject. As good a place to start as any, the witness experience provides a practical foundation on which to gradually expand.
It cannot be stressed enough that police rank as amongst the highest of credible and reliable witnesses in the UFO field, in literature being compared to astronauts, pilots, and engineer-scientists. Dr J Allen Hynek, in his 1975 FBI briefing, goes so far as to suggest his belief that police are the best witnesses, when he states:
“Experience definitely shows that the best reports, those with the greatest information content, come from technically trained, professional people, especially law enforcement personnel.” [1]
Bill Birnes, chief editor of UFO Magazine, makes the case explicitly in the television show “UFO Hunters – Cops vs UFOs”, that “Police officers are the most credible witnesses who are trained to observed.”[2]
In terms of rating our witness sources, when we talk of the ‘police witness’ we are profiling. Like law enforcement agencies, UFOlogist have long known the importance of witness profiling, but reports, reviews and catalogues on the subject are difficult to obtain because of the security involved in protecting the witness.
However the casual assertion that police are the best UFO witnesses has become so prevalent that it has almost assumed a sense of cliché amongst the UFO research community. Questions and discussion do arise, and since the police witness is so critical to our inquiry, it seems fitting to elaborate on those two basic assumptions: That the police officer is credible, and that the police officer is a reliable observer.
The public will admit the obvious authority that comes with the uniform, and also in a court of law. Many have argued that should the UFO debate ever make it to a fair court of law, the issue would have been resolved long ago. There are obviously those who do not agree that authority in itself is enough to consider the officer to be a credible witness.
What comes with the authority however, is a deep requirement for responsibility and accountability. Experienced officers have a lot to loose in coming forth with their amazing stories, or as Hynek calls, “credible people with incredible stories”[3], in the eye of the public, professionally and in the eyes their peers. We have mentioned earlier the culture of policing in general, and so it is not lightly that the officer makes a report. Outside of formal research, this credibility quickly comes into question.
Bill Birnes, in the same UFO Hunters episode, makes the case that, "These are the people whose eyewitness testimony we trust is credible, 'except' when it comes to UFOs, and that's what's so frightening to me."[4]
And yet their stories continue to go on record, and this in itself leads one to consider that something extraordinary is going on. What profound and very real experiences are these officers having?
And it is for this reason more than any other, one might ultimately confess, that the officer does, albeit in general, make a rather credible witness.
Does the officer make a good UFO observer? The police officer is definitely a trainer observer, and many police can rightly claim also to be experienced observers, so we are half way there. But does this qualify the officer as the best observer, and more remarkably, a good observer of unusual aerial phenomena? The answer is not always straightforward.
We must take into account the experience of the particular officer. For example an officer with many years of night surveillance, maybe near an airport, or perhaps even a previous history in avionics, would certainly make the case for a good UFO observer.
The public has not considered all the avenues, if it has assumed that the officer is not a special observer of unusual aerial phenomena. There is another characteristic of the officer that makes the case for a strong observer. When Hynek was referring to his list of good observers, including law enforcement personnel, the point he was making was that the experienced professional mind was most capable of articulating the observation in detail. And therefore, it is the ability and experience of the officer to reliably report the observation that makes the reliable observer.
There is, further, yet another important aspect that must be considered. If by “reliable observer” we were to interpret that the officer is in a position that is fortunate for the observation of UFO phenomena, then this too clearly suits our nocturnal police patrols, or fits the bill, one might say. It must be acknowledged that the night-shift officer on the beat is certainly at a statistical advantage for witnessing strange nocturnal happenings.
Blogging on Nicholas Redfern’s site, regarding this issue, Bill Hancock stated: "All told, I’d say the law enforcement agencies have a HIGH LIKELIHOOD rate of seeing “off-the-wall” things and investigating them. How much of that gets to the public through the media is problematical, but if you tell me a UK police official has a lot of saucer stories to tell, I’ll believe it in a heartbeat. Same for France, Belgium, or anywhere else you’d care to name."[5]
The mere sighting of an anomalous object by one officer might be easy to dismiss. However, the officer is part of a team, and UFO sightings are often made in response to call-ins from the public, coordinated alongside reports from other officers and investigated with nearby weather and airport RADAR facilities and military bases. In other words, the officer who sights a UFO is able to coordinate a response with other police units, respond, and even investigate. The UFO sighting in such cases becomes a correlated event, holding even more credence.
Based on an excerpt from "Australian Policing and UFOs".
1. Hynek, J. Allen, “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin”, February 1975.
2. William J Birnes, "UFO HUNTERS - Cops Vs UFOs", History Channel.
3. Hynek, J. Allen, "The UFO Experience”.http://policeufo.com/BooksHynek.html
4. William J Birnes, "UFO HUNTERS - Cops Vs UFOs", History Channel.
5. Bill Hancock's Blog, February 14th, 2007, 8:37am, UFO Mystic, The Redfern Files, Nick Redfern
The UFO Experience - A Scientific Enquiry
...
J Allen Hynek. 1972.
Hynek is a scientist with astronomical credentials and reputation. After working with the government and military studying and publicly debunking UFOs for so many years, he recants all his official work for an honest pursute - honest research into UFOs. This is his breakthrough contribution to the field, and a complete 180 on his offical position, the book that made the scientific community stand up and take notice of UFOs.
Hynek's influential work propounds the notion that UFOs deserve proper scientific enquiry. He documents his landmark Close Encounter (CE) classification system (inspiring the title of Spielberg's "Close Encounters of the Third Kind"), and lays the foundation for scientific UFO investigation the world over for decades to come.
He investigates and documents some of the most amazing cases of the time, some of which he'd publicly debunked under Project Blue Book, his official government research. He discusses the importance of witness credibility, and compares police officers to astronauts, pilots, scientists and engineers.
Below is some statistics and information on the French governmental official UFO investigation organisation called GEIPAN which is a official
Group Study and Information on Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena
Study Group and information on PAN ( GEIPAN ) is a CNES created in 2005 and based in Toulouse.
GEIPAN (sept. 2005-), formerly known as GEPAN (1977-1988) and SEPRA (1988-2004), is a unit of the French Space Agency CNES whose brief is to investigate unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP) and make its findings available to the public. The French Gendarmerie was instructed to channel data from reports of UFO sightings to SEPRA, which therefore was in a position to draw on a large database of such events.
In cases where physical traces appeared to be present, SEPRA could call on the technical resources of CNES to perform a thorough scientific investigation. A famous example of such an investigation was in the Trans-en-Provence Case. In March 2007, GEIPAN started to make its archives available online to everyone.
Distribution of cases by type of observation (November 28, 2011)
Category Definition Pct.
In order to maintain some stability in the published results, this classification is now established on the basis of the only years for which over 70% of the cases received were dealt with. Indeed, below this threshold, the PAN D tend to be very underrepresented. This side effect can be explained simply on one year of treatment, given for a period of inquiry generally longer, the PAN D monies are cases to be published. This classification serves as a reference for official communications of GEIPAN .
Conversely, the statistics "dynamic", as presented below left, are updated statistics, which provide a snapshot of all data published on the website of GEIPAN . They include cases of years not yet completely processed. This leads to a significant gap with the distribution stabilized above gap should narrow in converging to the completeness of case processing.
LIST OF DEFINITIONS / ACRONYMS
bolide
Definition: fireball
A fireball is a phenomenon produced by the reentry of a "big" object (more than 100g, that is to say a few centimeters to 1 m): this produces a big streak of light, capable of illuminate the landscape for several seconds, sometimes with a hiss or a bang similar to sonic booms. Color may vary depending on the composition of the object debris can reach the ground.
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GEIPAN
Group Study and Information on Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena
Study Group and information on PAN ( GEIPAN ) is a CNES created in 2005 and based in Toulouse. He is responsible for collecting, analyzing and archiving the PAN (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena, designating a UFO not necessarily strong in the terminology of CNES), but also to inform the public.
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UFO
stands for: Unidentified Flying Object
The acronym UFO, widely used by the public, means a case of PAN where the presence of a physical object, which may have flight characteristics, has been proven. In this, UFOs represent a subset of PAN.
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PAN
stands for: Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena
The PAN (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena) are grouped into four categories:
PAN Class A: Observation having been explained unambiguously
PAN Class B: Observation for which the assumption by the GEIPAN is very likely
PAN Class C: Observation not usable due to lack of information
PAN Category D: Observation unexplained despite evidence in possession of GEIPAN . Category D includes two subcategories:
The PAN D1 corresponding to strange phenomena, but so-called medium consistency, for example associated with a unique, no photo or video recording.
The PAN D2 corresponding to very strange phenomena and strong consistency: several independent witnesses, and / or photo or video recordings, and / or ground traces.
GEIPAN[1] (sept. 2005-), formerly known as GEPAN[2] (1977-1988) and SEPRA[3] (1988-2004), is a unit of the French Space Agency CNES whose brief is to investigate unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP)[4] and make its findings available to the public.
The French Gendarmerie was instructed to channel data from reports of UFO sightings to SEPRA, which therefore was in a position to draw on a large database of such events. In cases where physical traces appeared to be present, SEPRA could call on the technical resources of CNES to perform a thorough scientific investigation. A famous example of such an investigation was in the Trans-en-Provence Case.
In March 2007, GEIPAN started to make its archives available online to everyone.
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Here is a very revealing interview with a one Colonel Ariel Sanchez, chairman of the Commission for the Reception and Investigation of UFO Reports (Cridovni).He is one of the leading military investigators of UFOs in Uruguay.Included is a video with him being interviewed and speaking of various UFO reports he and his team of military personnel have investigated or are aware of.
Colonel Ariel Sanchez, chairman of the Commission for the Reception and Investigation of UFO Reports (Cridovni).
quote;
"One of the smallest countries in South America, Uruguay is also the place where the military are more open-minded towards the UFO Phenomenon. UFO occurrences are investigated by the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) as part of their routine activities. This interview was published in two parts in the Brazilian UFO Magazine editions 185 and 186, February and March 2012".
By A. J. Gevaerd,
Editor, Brazilian UFO Magazine;
Introduction;
Few people know that a small country in South America has an official office for flying saucer research as part of its Air Force. The office is continuously operating since 1979 when it was established by the president of the Republic himself. That’s right: it has been more than three decades since the Committee for the Reception and Investigation of UFO Reports (Cridovni) operates in Uruguay.
Only three other similar institutions are known in the continent. These are the Center for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (CEFAA), established in Chile in 1997 and working within the country’s General Civil Aviation Office; the Office for the Investigation of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (OIFAA), in the Peruvian Air Force (FAP); and an Argentine committee created last year but still under development.
All of the examples above are generally ignored by the worldwide UFO community. Those nations have official bodies openly exploring the possible extraterrestrial origin of UFOs. The same has happened in Brazil in the 50s and the 60s, and something similar in the 70s. To uncover these initiatives and to try to make Brazilian authorities engage again in official investigations of the UFO Phenomena was some of the purposes of the campaign “UFOs: Freedom of Information Now”, released in 2004 by the Brazilian Committee of UFO Researchers (CBU).
Its goals were the declassification of official UFO files — already achieved — as well as establishing an official body for UFO investigation in the country. Although Brazil had openly acknowledged the issue and released documents dated from 1950 to 2010, the country still misses an institution like Cridovni, CEFAA or OIFAA. In fact, it was promised back in May 2005 by Brigadier Luis Carlos da Silva Bueno, former Brazilian Air Force (FAB) commander. We still wait for the fulfillment of that promise.
A skillful researcher;
In 2010 I was in Montevideo to make a presentation on the Brazilian process of UFO disclosure. I took that opportunity to better understand the work of an official UFO research institution, since they include civilians in their ranks. That time I interviewed the chair of Cridovni, a FAU officer who is also an ufologist and a gifted speaker. He was many times in Brazil presenting the works of the body he runs — yes, he is also a common presence in international conferences.
The opportunity of interviewing Coronel Ariel Sanchez at the headquarters of his Committee at the Boiso Lanza Air Base, 30km from Montevideo, was a great one. We had a long talk just like the ones I had with other military in Brazil and abroad, a kind of talk which is significant to increase transparency on UFO issues.
The interview was actually a three-hour friendly chat followed by a lunch in the air base and a tour around its facilities. “We keep no secrets and it is a pleasure to show UFO Magazine everything we do”, said Sanchez on the way to his country’s air traffic control center — also located at Boiso Lanza.
Ariel Sanchez has been international correspondent of the Brazilian UFO Magazine for over a decade and holds a reputable background in UFO experiences. His post as the chair of the Uruguayan Committee makes him a unique person. “Our files contain any kind of UFO cases you would see in the X-Files”, he says. It is very much true as you will see below. He and his team — including Lt. Daniel Silveira, also a consultant to UFO Magazine —, are like Mulders and Scullys, as thorough researchers as those could be.
Professional ufologists ;
It was interesting seeing how Cridovni works. Its members are professional ufologists, since they are paid by FAU. In fact, they are regular Air Force staff dedicating part of their time to UFO research and standing by for any call. When reported any occurrence they go after it in uniforms and official vehicles. They interview witnesses, collect samples, gather data, and then start a thorough investigation following strict methodological standards. Uruguay is a model to be reproduced by every country in her continent..
Another good example to be taken is their I International Congress on Investigation of Aerospace and Terrestrial Phenomena, organized by Cridovni, in Montevideo, in November 2010. That was the first Ufological event in the world known to be supported by a military branch — the Air Force in this case.
The audience was filled with military garments. There is yet another thing: in order to extend the outreach with-in its little country, Cridovni established a civilian section — the Regional Center for Investigation of Aero-space and Terrestrial Phenomena (Crifat) is operating for 10 years now.
“We still got no answers regarding the UFO phenomenon, what these vehicles and their origin are, but we keep on researching with the utmost disposition”, says Sanchez before adding, “As men at the service of Uruguay we must be impartial. We don’t encourage or discourage any particular point of view”.
An open mind towards new ideas;
Regarding the Congress held in Montevideo, Coronel Ariel Sanchez says “I wanted it to be as open as possible”. The event attracted big names of South-American Ufology. Although Cridovni adopts a scientific approach towards the UFO phenomenon, its members keep an open mind and agree to discuss Ufology with representatives of many other lines of interpretation. Sanchez confirms they have received over 2200 re-ports so far including photos and videos that reach the office every day through letters, e-mails and phone calls. “However, we still haven’t found any evidence of direct contacts with ETs”.
Also an air traffic controller, Sanchez narrates intriguing cases in his country. Some of which involve military and civilian aircraft in events that endangered flight security. “We had to report the facts immediately to the Air Force commander who contacted the Defense minister who, in turn, contacted the President”, he says regarding a case involving a Lufthansa aircraft in 2007.
Coronel Sanchez reveals that Cridovni works in partnership with civilian research groups and official institutions in other countries. In summary, he tells of how an official UFO research institution should be — just in case other military abroad need an example. Below we share his interview.
Uruguay has a unique approach towards UFO research by officially responding to occurrences as soon as possible and applying a military methodology to it. We could call you the real “X-Files”. Tell us, Coronel Sanchez, how does it feel to be an “official ufologist”, a person to whom Ufology is also a military mission?
Despite the responsibilities as representatives of the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) we have a normal life. We are the State of Uruguay when issuing reports on our findings. The Committee must adopt a certain approach towards witnesses and media. Most of all, we must be impartial and objective when handling the UFO issue.
This is meant to not encourage or discourage investigations. Also, we release information collected in the field in the most serious manner. As representatives of FAU we should not rush into conclusive reports when more investigation is needed. We must be unbiased in our work and this is not meant to withhold information. Instead, this is in order to better inform the people as they deserve our respect.
Unconventional Flying Objects by Dr. Paul Hill;
While the following post is not in so much as a documented UFO case it is none the less important to include in any frame work of information relating to the UFO enigma a one Dr. Paul Hill.He was a top and leading aero space scientist who worked for NASA , his credentials are second to none in the credibly stakes.
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Unconventional Flying Objects by Dr. Paul Hill;
Summary of Dr Paul Hill;
Paul Richard Hill (1909–1990) was a “renowned” [1] mid – twentieth century American aerodymanicist. He was a leading research and development engineer and manager for NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Administration) and its predecessor, NACA (the National Advisory Council for Aeronautics) between 1939 and 1970, retiring as Associate Chief, Applied Materials and Physics Division at the NASA Langley Research Centre.[1][2] He is arguably most widely known today as the author of ‘Unconventional Flying Objects: a Scientific Analysis’;
NACA and NASA Research;
During the second world war Hill co-authored a number of technical NACA papers,[6][7] focusing on aerodynamic aspects of aircraft performance. Hill was also involved in NACA collaboration with the Republic aircraft company, assisting in the design of the highly successful P-47 fighter. Hill’s specific role was in in the aerodynamic design.[3][8] In the immediate post war period Hill made a number of significant contributions to the development of ram jet technology, including establishing and supervising the Wallops Island ram jet test flight programme and authoring the first NACA technical paper on ram jet technology.
By the early 1950s, in part inspired by his personal interest in the ‘flying saucer’ or ‘UFO’ phenomenon, Hill began experimenting in his own time with kinesthetically controlled flying platforms. This led to an official project, which Hill initiated with Charles Zimmerman, who had been independently working on similar concepts for some time.[10] This project designed and test flew such platforms in collaboration with the United States Air Force, the Royal Canadian Airforce and the US Office of Naval Research. The increased understanding of the aerodynamic and performance characteristics of such platforms informed future design work for the Lunar Landing Module (LM), other VTOL designs and experiments with disc shaped aircraft in the period;
There have been "thought experiments" on how UFOs might work (on paper, as no hardware is available, at least publicly). Books have been written by Paul R. Hill (written 1970s, published 1995), James McCampbell (1970s), Leonard G. Cramp (1966), Plantier (1953); who all approached the UFO phenomenon from a "nuts-and-bolts" craft perspective and their theories on UFO manoeuvring were based on the idea that a UFO's source of propulsion is rigidly attached to the craft.
Other engineers and physicists who have shown a public and persistent interest in the UFO subject, or speculated on how UFOs might work, are Hermann Oberth, James E. McDonald, James Harder, Harley D. Rutledge, Jack Sarfatti, Harold Puthoff, Claude Poher (who in the late 1970s headed GEPAN, the French government's UFO project) and many others. This page is complementary to my Quick Technical Overview: What we think we know about UFOs page.
Summary: If we are to explain UFOs in terms of physics we understand to some degree, yet still conform to witness observations, it seems essential to assume UFOs are capable of generating artificial gravity fields (in GR terms, to manipulate the curvature of the fabric of space-time), much as we produce magnetism with electric currents. An approximation -probably oversimplified- of overall UFO behaviour is via accepting such a (hypothetical, or at least not known to us) gravity-like repulsive "force-field".
The glow / luminescence in various colours around the UFO (apparently shape depends on UFO's shape as well as its current maneuver, so the UFO's outline as seen by external observer can change), is thought to be due to ionization of surrounding air (atmosphere around the UFO "lights up", much like what happens in neon-lamps), hereafter referred to as "UFO plasma sheath".
Brightness/color changes of the "UFO plasma sheath" seem to be related with thrust/acceleration. The air ionization seems to be caused by the EM radiation emitted by the UFO, and is thought to be a secondary effect of the propulsion system. This includes UV (suggested by many cases of sunburn-like effects and eye and skin irritation) and soft X-rays (suggested by "burn ring" traces on ground where UFOs landed).
Considering the difficulty of creating plasma in normal atmospheric conditions, in combination with other observations, like the luminosity of submarine UFOs, the sudden appearance of condensation / mist when starting up in high humidity conditions and noise patterns, it all suggests an envelope of lower atmospheric density near the UFO's surface. A near vacuum, i.e. the air/water is "pushed away" from the skin of the craft (confirmed by observations when UFOs rise from water), which minimizes friction and heating issues. Plasmas can interact strongly with electromagnetic radiation, "Plasma Stealth" is a proposed process that uses ionized gas (plasma) to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of an aircraft.
This may explain why sometimes UFOs are seen visually, but not tracked on radar. Often UFOs have a very strong magnetic field. Also, in several cases, light (e.g. from car headlights or beaming spotlights) is reported to "bend" in front of the UFO, an effect which some suggest is related with the most controversial aspect of UFO reports: the apparent ability to disappear / "blink out" or seem to "implode" (diminish in angular size) [miniature-scale "gravitational lensing"-type phenomenon?].
Physiological effects on humans include: sunburn-type effect and eye irritation, extreme dryness of the nasal area and of the throat, color changes in vision, extreme headaches and a heating/burning sensation. Witnesses and animals have become sick and even died, with symptoms similar to radiation poisoning, after close approach to a UFO. Given the tremendous amount of energy UFOs seem to be expending, their power source is a big mystery.
Many ideas have been proposed, including that UFOs are storing energy in a very concentrated form, or converting gravity to usable energy (H.Oberth 1950s), or utilising ambient energy (speculations about being able to tap the so-called Zero-Point-Energy) or utilize remote transmission of power (wireless energy transfer).
It seems that UFOs defy our currently accepted Physics, e.g. the conservation of momentum (UFOs accelerate without throwing any material out the backside). Both Newton's gravity and General Relativity (Einstein's theory of gravitation), require the existence of "negative mass" (or energy) for antigravity to be possible. This has been a major hurdle to the study of UFOs by many "mainstream" physicists in previous decades (e.g. read Markowitz, W., "The Physics and Metaphysics of Unidentified Flying Objects", Science, Vol. 157, 1967).
My opinion: Having spent considerable time researching the UFO subject, it seems to me that the public scientific research most promising to be related to the UFO propulsion question, is the so-called Gravitomagnetism (the subject of field effects caused by moving matter, it has nothing to do with magnetism despite its name) and in particular any connection of gravitation with superconductivity, the purported "enhanced or boosted Gravitomagnetism". I am inclined to also include claims made in the 1990s by Russian materials scientist E.Podkletnov of "gravity shielding" effects when experimenting with rotating superconductors in a magnetic field,
characterised "controversial" and apparently had a negative effect to his carreer. In Mar-2006, an experiment by Austrian physicist M.Tajmar et al funded by ESA (European Space Agency), reported generation of a toroidal (tangential, azimuthal) gravitational field in a rotating accelerated (time dependent angular velocity) superconducting Niobium ring. My opinion stems from the fact that UFO literature since the 1940s consistently documents:
1/ direct gravity-like effects 2/ perception of rotation on UFOs, such as at the rim of saucer-/saturn-/sphere-shaped UFOs 3/ saucers flying in a manner as if the drive is acting perpendicular to the plane of the disk 4/ strong magnetic fields. The commonly observed UFO shapes (disk, spheroid) are seemingly not chosen for aerodynamic purposes (considering when discoid UFOs want to fly away fast, they tilt and fly with the plane of the disk directed forward).
Very early in the UFO study, there was the idea that "saucers do their business at the rim" (APRO, Hill), the same area which generally is reported to rotate and glow. However, in this page I provide links to other ideas on possible UFO propulsion which have been proposed over the years, such as Magneto[Hydro/Aero]Dynamics (the most popular), to Pulsed EM, to mag-lev type levitation.
Extract from Paul Hill's (NASA aeronautical engineer, bio) book "Unconventional Flying Objects: A Scientific Analysis" on UFO illumination (colors, brightness) and performance (acceleration). Review of Paul Hill's book by Hal Puthoff, PhD theoretical physicist:
To the degree that the engineering characteristics of UFOs can be estimated by empirical observation, in this reviewer's opinion the above-referenced, recently-published book by Paul Hill provides the most reliable, concise summary of engineering-type data available.1 The data were compiled over decades of research by a Chief Scientist-Manager at NASA Langley Research Center2 who acted as an informal clearinghouse for UFO-related data. The strength of the compilation lies in its thoughtful separation of wheat from chaff, and the analysis of the former into coherent patterns, including detailed calculations.
Perhaps surprising to the casually interested, under careful examination the observations, rather than defying the laws of physics as naive interpretation might suggest, instead appear to be solidly commensurate with them, as the following discussion shows
One of the most consistently-observed characteristics of UFO flight is a ubiquitous pattern in which they tilt to perform all maneuvers. Specifically, they sit level to hover, tilt forward to move forward, tilt backward to stop, bank to turn, and descend by "falling-leaf" or "silver-dollar-wobble" motions. Detailed analysis by Hill shows that such motion is inconsistent with aerodynamic requirements, but totally consistent with some form of repulsive force-field propulsion.
Not satisfied with paper analyses alone, Hill arranged to have various forms of jet-supported and rotor-supported circular flying platforms built and tested. Hill himself acted as test pilot in early, originally-classified, versions, and found the above motions the most economical for control purposes. Pictures of these platforms are included in the text.
In an effort to examine the force-field propulsion hypothesis yet further, Hill analyzed a number of cases involving near-field interactions with an apparent craft in which some form of force was in evidence. These include examples in which a person or vehicle was affected, tree branches were parted or broken, roof tiles were dislodged, objects were deflected and ground or water were disturbed.
Under close analysis the subtleties of these interactions combine to point unequivocally to a repulsive force field surrounding the craft, while discriminating against propulsion mechanisms involving jet action, pure electric or magnetic effects, or the emission of energetic particles or radiation (although the latter may accompany the propulsive mechanism as a secondary effect).
Further detailed investigation indicates that the particular form of force field propulsion that satisfied observational constraints is what Hill labels a directed acceleration field; that is, a field that is, in general, gravitational-like in nature, and, in particular, gravity-canceling.3 Such a field acts on all masses in its sphere of influence as does a gravitational field. Corollary to this conclusion is that observed accelerations ~100g relative to the environment could be sustained without on-board high-g forces.
One of the consequences of the above identification of field propulsion type by Hill is his conclusion, supported by detailed calculation, computer simulation and wind-tunnel studies, that supersonic flight through the atmosphere without sonic booms is easily engineered. Manipulation of the acceleration-type force field would, even at supersonic speeds, result in a constant-pressure, compression-free zone without shockwave in which the vehicle is surrounded by a subsonic flow-pattern of streamlines, and subsonic velocity ratios.
An additional benefit of such field control is that drops of moisture, rain, dust, insects, or other low-velocity objects would follow streamline paths around the craft rather than impact it.
Another puzzle resolved by Hill's analysis is that craft observed to travel continuously at Mach 4 or 5 do not appear to generate temperatures sufficiently high to be destructive to known materials. In other words, UFOs appear to prevent high aerodynamic heating rates rather than permitting a heating problem to arise, then surviving it with heat-resistant materials as is the case of the NASA Space Shuttle, whose surface temperatures can reach 1300°C.
The resolution of this potential problem is shown by Hill to derive from the fact that the force-field control that results in the prevention of shockwave drag as discussed above is also effective in preventing aerodynamic heating. In effect the airflow approaches, then springs away from the craft, depositing no energy in the process.
A further example of the type of correlation that emerges from Hill's analytical approach is provided by an analysis of the economy of various flight-path profiles. It is shown that high-angle, high-acceleration departures on ballistic-arc trajectories with high-speed coast segments are more efficient than, for example, intermediate-level, horizontal-path trips, both in terms of required impulse-per-unit-mass and time-of-flight parameters. This he correlates with the observation that UFO departures are of the dramatically high-angle, high-acceleration type.
Also of interest is Hill's analysis of the spectra and intensity of an apparent plasma sheath surrounding such craft, the details of which correlate with what one would expect in terms of it being a secondary effect associated with the propulsion system; for example, a blue shift and intensity increase during a "power-up" phase, and the opposite during hover and landing maneuvers.
An additional fine point that emerges from this analysis is resolution of the paradox that observation on a direct line-of-sight to a near part of the craft can reveal a metallic-like structure while the attempt to observe the outline of the craft, necessarily by an oblique line-of-sight, results in an indistinct blur. Analysis shows this to be a reasonable outcome of an expected re-absorption of reflected light by the surrounding plasma in the longer-length path associated with the more oblique view.
Another typical nugget of information is found in Hill's discussion of the results of the analysis of a possible UFO artifact, the famous Ubatuba magnesium fragments, claimed to have originated from an exploded unidentified craft near Ubatuba, Brazil. Laboratory analysis of the samples found the magnesium to be not only of exceptional purity, and anomalous in its trace composition of other elements, but 6.7% denser than ordinary pure magnesium, a figure well beyond the experimental error of the measurement.
Hill's calculation shows that this observation can be accounted for by assuming that the sample contained only the pure isotope Mg-26, rather than the naturally-occurring distribution among isotopes Mg-24, Mg-25, and Mg-26. Since the only isotope separation on a significant scale in terrestrial manufacture is that of uranium, such a result must be considered at least anomalous, and possibly as evidence for extraterrestrial manufacture. (editor's note: a recent analysis of the "Ubatuba magnesium" can be found in Composition Analysis of the Brazil Magnesium by Peter Sturrock, JSE, 15, 69-95, 2001)
Additional calculations concerning the parameters of interstellar travel (including relativistic effects), and the energetics of such travel, have been performed and are included in tabular and graphical form. The wealth of material in these sections, along with discussion of the broad implications of this material, reveal the dedication and thoroughness of Hill's approach to his self-assigned task.
In the final analysis, one must conclude that Hill has assembled as good a case as can be made on the basis of presently available data that the observation of some "unconventional flying objects" is compatible with the presence of engineered platforms weighing in at something around 30 tons, which are capable of 100-g accelerations and 9000-mph speeds in the atmosphere.
Perhaps more important for the technical reader, however, is Hill's supporting argumentation, based on solid analysis, that these platforms, although exhibiting the application of physics and engineering principles clearly beyond our present-day capabilities, do not appear to defy these principles in any fundamental way.
H.E. Puthoff, Ph.D.
Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin
4030 W. Braker Lane, Ste. 300
Austin, TX 78759
Aliens exist in the universe but have been nowhere near our galaxy due to the laws of existential subsidence. The debate is now closed. No fancy papers needed.
“Science: Why the UFO riddle Won’t Go Away.
"There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance-- that principle is contempt prior to investigation."
Herbert Spencer, British philosopher;
Here is a very good article called “Science: Why the UFOs Won’t Go Away / Astronomers Pressing for More Study of UFO Riddle", this is in pdf formate and can be read on-line.
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“Of 1,356 AAS members replying to a questionnaire from Prof. Peter A. Sturrock, an astrophysicist and member of Stanford’s Applied Physics Department, four-fifths feel that the UFO mystery ‘certainly, probably or possibly deserves scientific study.’ ”
A mailing list for the study of UFO-related phenom
Here we have a very in depth collection of a "UFO Up Date" catalogue, it is a (public) discussion list for viewing the views of the best names within ufology. It manages to quote quite a few skeptics discussing issues with pro-ETH researchers.
Here is a list of several of the most influential and popular books that are now available on-line to read.
You can read the full text of these books on line Free.
Simply click on the titles of the books listed in chronological order below.
Donald E Keyhoe’s classic book “The Flying Saucers are Real” (1950). http://www.nicap.org/fsar/fsar-chapters.htm
This book was one of first UFO books published. Keyhoe’s books and articles helped form the various views held in relation to UFOs.
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is an account of the US Air Force’s Project Bluebook investigations by one of its former heads.
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NICAP in its “The UFO Evidence” (1964) http://www.nicap.org/ufoe/contents.htm
edited by Richard Hall remains one of the more respected pro-UFO publications.
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The Condon Report http://www.project1947.com/shg/condon/contents.html
(“Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects”, Edward U Condon (Director) and Daniel S Gillmor (Editor) (1969)) is probably the most influential (and longest) publication by scientists presenting a skeptical view of UFO reports . For one of the best known articles criticizing the Condon Report, see John G Fuller’s article “Flying Saucer Fiasco”, http://www.project1947.com/shg/articles/fiasco.html
written by Don Berliner, Antonio Huneeus and Marie “Bootsie” Galbraith (with funding by Laurance Rockefeller). In 1995, this document was endorsed as containing “the best available evidence for the existence of UFOs” by three of the most prominent and respected UFO research organizations, i.e. the Mutual UFO Network (“MUFON”) , http://www.mufon.com/
Government UFO documents.
Here are some very important DECLASSIFIED UFO documents;There is no doubt that contrary to the MSM and those involved in debunking agendas that some governmental UFO documents prove that the intelligence services took the UFO situation very seriously indeed and rightly so for there where and still are UNKNOWNS entering restricted air space displaying high levels of technology.
1.23 September 1947 : Memo from Lt-General Nathan F Twining (chief of Air Materiel Command) to Brig-General George Schulgen (Commanding General, Army Air Forces) reports on the current knowledge of UFOs and recommends that a permanent project be set up to study them. (Commonly referred to as “the Twining memo”).
Actual document below;
Document #: 5
From: UFO INFO SERVICE
Date Sent: 06-09-1986
Subject: 1947 GEN. TWINING LETTER
23 September 1947
SUBJECT: AMC Opinion Concerning "Flying Discs"
TO: Commanding General
Army Air Forces
Washington 25, D.C.
ATTENTION: Brig. General George Schulgen
AC/AS-2
1. As requested by AC/AS-2 there is presented below the considered
opinion of this command concerning the so-called "Flying Discs." This
opinion is based on interrogation report data furnished by AC/AS-2 and
preliminary studied by personnel of T-2 and Aircraft Laboratory,
Engineering Division T-3. This opinion was arrived at in a conference
between personnel from the Air Institute of Technology, Intelligence
T-2, Office, Chief of Engineering Division, and the Aircraft, Power
Plant and Propeller Laboratories of Engineering Division T-3.
2. It is the opinion that:
a. The phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or
fictitious.
b. There are objects probably approximately the shpe of a disc, of
such appreciable size as to appear to be as large as man-made
aircraft.
c. There is the possibility that some of the incidents may be
caused by natural phenomena, such as meteors.
d. The reported operating characteristics such as extreme rates of
climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and action which
must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly
aircraft and radar, lend belief to the possibility that some of
the objects are controlled either manually, automatically or
remotely.
e. The apparent common description of the objects is as follows:
(1) Metallic or light reflecting surface.
(2) Absence of trail, except in a few instances when the object
apparently was operating under high performance conditions.
(3) Circular or elliptical in shape, flat on bottom and domed on
top.
(4) Several reports of well kept formation flights varying from
three to nine objects.
(5) Normally no associated sound, except in three instances a
substantial rumbling roar was noted.
(6) Level flight speeds normally about 300 knots are estimated.
---------------------------
C U F O N
---------------------------
Computer UFO Network
Seattle Washington, USA
(206) 776-0382 8 Data Bits, No Parity, 1 Stop Bit 300/1200/2400 bps.
SYSOP - Jim Klotz Information Director - Dale Goudie
UFO Reporting and Information Service
Voice Line - (206) 721-5035
P.O.Box 832, Mercer Island, WA 98040, USA
- Please credit CUFON as the source of this material -
Memo from FBI Assistant Director D M Ladd to FBI Director J Edgar Hoover summarises, and attaches, a memo dated 23 September 1947 from Colonel R H Smith (Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence) stating that the FBI had been asked to assist the Air Force in UFO investigations “to relieve the numbered Air Forces of the task of tracking down all the many instances which turned out to be ash can covers, toilet seats and whatnot”. Mr Ladd recommended that the FBI “protest vigorously” and that the FBI discontinue all activity in this field. Complete image of relevant memo available online at pages 20-21 (of 77) in Part 4 (of 16 parts) of the UFO material on the FBI’s FOIA website. here; http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/ufo.htm
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3;30 October 1947 :
A memo from Brigadier General G F Schulgen entitled “Intelligence Requirements on Flying Saucer Type Aircraft” set forth the intelligence requirements in the field of Flying Saucer type aircraft. (Commonly referred to as “the Schulgen memo”). Text of memo available online here and here.
DOCUMENT BELOW;
SECRET
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AFOIR-CO/Lt Col Garrett/mob/4544
28 Oct 47
Intelligence Requirements on Flying Saucer Type
Aircraft
CSGID Hq. USAF - AFOIR 30 OCT 1947
Attn: Plans and
Lt Col Garrett/mob/4544
Collection Branch
1. It is requested that a Collection Memorandum, similar to the attached
draft, be issued to the addresses indicated thereon. This is in accordance
with conversation between Lt. Colonel Smith and Lt. Colonel Garrett.
2. It will be appreciated if, at the time this Memorandum is reproduced,
ten (10) additional copies could be run off and sent to the Directorate of
Intelligence, Air Intelligence Requirements Division, Collection Branch, for
file purposes.
FOR THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE:
2 Incls.
GEO. F. SCHULGEN
1. Intelligence
Brigadier General, U.S.A.F.
Requirements
Chief, Air Intelligence Requirements Div.
2. Draft of Collec-
Office of Ass't. Chief of Air Staff-2
tion Memorandum
SECRET
DRAFT OF COLLECTION MEMORANDUM
OBJECT
1. This Memo sets forth the current intelligence requirements in the field of Flying Saucer type aircraft.
GENERAL
1. An alleged "Flying Saucer" type aircraft or object in flight, approximating the shape of a disc, has been reported by many observers from widely scattered places, such as the United States, Alaska, Canada, Hungary, the Island of Guam, and Japan. This object has been reported by many competent observers, including USAF rated officers. Sightings have been made from the ground as well as from the air.
2. Commonly reported features that are very significant and which may aid in the investigation are as follows:
a. Relatively flat bottom with extreme light-reflecting ability.
b. Absence of sound except for an occasional roar when operating under super performance conditions.
c. Extreme maneuverability and apparent ability to almost hover.
d. A plan form approximating that of an oval or disc with a dome shape on the top surface.
e. The absence of an exhaust trail except in a few instances when it was reported to have a bluish color, like a Diesel exhaust, which persisted for approximately one hour. Other reports indicated a brownish smoke trail that could be the results of a special catalyst or chemical agent for extra power.
f. The ability to quickly disappear by high speed or by complete disintegration.
g. The ability to suddenly appear without warning as if from an extremely high altitude.
h. The size most reported approximated that of a C-54 or Constellation type aircraft.
i. The ability to group together very quickly in a tight formation when more than one aircraft are together.
j. Evasive action ability indicates possibility of being manually operated, or possibly by electronic or remote control devices.
k. Under certain power conditions, the craft seems to have the ability to cut a clear path through clouds -- width of path estimated to be approximately one-half mile. Only one incident indicated this phenomenon.
SECRET
SECRET
3. The first sightings in the U.S. were reported around the middle of May. The last reported sighting took place in Toronto, Canada, 14 September. The greatest activity in the U.S. was during the last week of June and the first week of July.
4. This strange object, or phenomenon, may be considered, in view of certain observations, as long-range aircraft capable of a high rate of climb, high cruising speed (possibly sub-sonic at all times) and highly maneuverable and capable of being flown in very tight formation. For the purpose of analysis and evaluation of the so-called "flying saucer" phenomenon, the object sighted is being assumed to be a manned aircraft, of Russian origin, and based on the perspective thinking and actual accomplishments of the Germans.
5. There is also a possibility that the Horten brothers' perspective thinking may have inspired this type of aircraft - particularly the "Parabola", which has a crescent plan form. Records show that only a glider version was built of this type aircraft. It is reported to have been built in Hellegenberg, Germany, but was destroyed by fire before having ever been flown. The Horten brothers' latest trend of perspective thinking was definitely toward aircraft configurations of low aspect ratio.
The younger brother, Riemar, stated that the "Parabola" configuration would have the least induced drag - which is a very significant statement. The theory supporting this statement should be obtained if possible.
6. The German High Command indicated a definite interest in the Horten type of flying wing and were about to embark on a rigorous campaign to develop such aircraft toward the end of the war. A Horten design, known as the IX, which was designated as the Go-8-229 and the Go-P-60 (night fighter) was to be manufactured by the Gotha Plant. It is reported that a contract for fifty such aircraft was planned, but only three or four were built.
This plant is now in the hands of the Russians. A recent report indicates that the Russians are now planning to build a fleet of 1,800 Horten VIII (six engine pusher) type flying wing aircraft. The wing span is 131 feet. The sweepback angle is 30 degrees. The Russian version is reported to be jet propelled.
REQUIREMENTS
1. Requirements appear at Inclosure No. 1.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Control No. A-1917
DISTRIBUTION
1. To M.A.'s England, France, Sweden, Finland, USSR, Turkey, Greece, Iran, China, Norway, Philippines, and to Commander-in-Chief, Far East, and Commanding General, United States Air Forces in Europe, through Commanding General, EUCOM.
SECRET
SECRET
INCLOSURE NO. 1
1. Research and Development
a. What German scientists had a better-than-average knowledge of the Horten brothers' work and perspective thinking; where are these scientists now located, and what is their present activity? Should be contacted and interrogated.
b. What Russian factories are building the Horten VIII design?
c. Why are the Russians building 1,800 of the Horten VIII design?
d. What is their contemplated tactical purpose?
e. What is the present activity of the Horten brothers, Walter and Riemar?
f. What is known of the whereabouts of the entire Horten family, particular- ly the sister? All should be contacted and interrogated regarding any contemplated plans or perspective thinking of the Horten brothers, and any interest shown by the Russians to develop their aircraft.
g. Are any efforts being made to develop the Horten "Parabola" or modify this configuration to approximate an oval or disc?
h. What is the Horten perspective thinking on internal controls or controls that are effective mainly by streams of air or gas originating from within the aircraft to supplant conventional external surface controls?
2. Control
For any aircraft whose shape approximates that of an oval, disc, or saucer, information regarding the following items is requested:
a. Boundary layer control method by suction, blowing, or a combination of both.
b. Special controls for effective maneuverability at very slow speeds or extremely high altitudes.
c. Openings either in the leading edge top and bottom surfaces that are employed chiefly to accomplish boundary layer control or for the purpose of reducing the induced drag. Any openings in the leading edge should be reported and described as to shape, size, etc. This investigation is significant to justify a disc shape configuration for long-range application.
SECRET
d. Approximate airfoil shape in the center and near the tips.
e. Front view and rear view shape.
3. Items of Construction
a. Type of material, whether metal, ferrous, non-ferrous, or non-metallic.
b. Composite or sandwich construction utilizing various combinations of metals, plastics, and perhaps balsa wood.
c. Unusual fabrication methods to achieve extreme light weight and structural stability particularly in connection with great capacity for fuel storage.
4. Items of Arrangement
a. Special provisions such as retractable domes to provide unusual observation for the pilot or crew members.
b. Crew number and accommodation facilities.
c. Pressurized cabin equipment.
d. High altitude or high speed escapement methods.
e. Methods of pressurization or supercharging from auxiliary units or from the prime power plant.
f. Provisions for towing - especially with short fixed bar, and for re-fueling in flight.
g. Provisions for assisted take off application.
h. Bomb bay provisions, such as dimensions, approximate location, and unusual features regarding the opening and closing of the doors.
5. Landing Gear
a. Indicate type of landing gear - whether conventional, tricycle, multiple wheel, etc.
b. Retractable, and jettison features for hand gear.
c. Provisions for takeoff from ice, snow, or water.
d. Skid arrangements for either takeoff or landing.
SECRET;
SECRET;
6. Power Plant
a.. Information is needed regarding the propulsion system used in the aircraft. Possible types of engines that could be employed include:
(1) Reciprocating (piston type) engine or gas turbine. Either or both
of these could be used to drive propellers of conventional or
special design, rotating vanes, ducted fans, or compressors.
(2) Jet propulsion engines including turbo jets, rockets, ramjets, pulse
jets, or a combination of all four.
(3) Nuclear propulsion (atomic energy). Atomic energy engines would
probably be unlike any familiar type of engine, although atomic
engines might be employed in combination with any of the above
types.
Aircraft would be characterized by lack of fuel systems and fuel
storage place.
b. The power plant would likely be an integral part of the aircraft and could possibly not be distinguished as an item separate from the aircraft. If jet propulsion is used, large air handling capacity, characterized by a large air inlet and large exhaust nozzle, should be evident. The size of entrance and exit areas would be of interest. It is possible that the propulsive jet is governed or influenced for control of the aircraft. The presence of vanes or control surfaces in the exhaust or methods of changing the direction of the object should be observed.
c. Information desired on the propulsion systems pertains to the following items:
(1) Type of power plant or power plants.
(2) General description.
(3) Rating (thrust, horsepower, or air flow).
(4) Type of fuel
(5) Catalytic agents for super-performance or normal cruising power.
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4.30 December 1947:
A letter from Major General L C Craigie (Chief of Staff) to the Commanding General of the Air Materiel Command directed the setting up a project to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute information concerning UFOs. The letter gave this project the code name, Project Sign, and assigned a priority 2-A. Complete text available online here.
DOCUMENT BELOW;
DIRECTIVE - MAJOR GENERAL L. C. CRAIGIE TO COMMANDING
GENERAL WRIGHT FIELD (WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB) - DISPOSITION
AND SECURITY FOR PROJECT "SIGN",
DATED 30 DECEMBER 1947.
(COPY)
30 December 1947
SUBJECT: Flying Discs
TO: Commanding General
Air Material Command
Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio
Attn: TSDIH [TSDIN]
Reference is made to three inclosures, memoranda from your office to this headquarters, subject as above.
It is Air Force policy not to ignore reports of sightings and phenomena in the atmosphere but to recognize that part of its mission is to collect, collate, evaluate and act on information of this nature.
In implementing this policy, it is desired that the Air Material Command set up a project whose purpose is to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute to interested government agencies and contractors all information concerning sightings and phenomena in the atmosphere which can be construed to be of concern to the national security.
It is desired that appropriate recommendations be forwarded to this Headquarters, wherever action is indicated which falls outside the field of the Air Material Command.
It is suggested that the activities of this project include the preparation and distribution of an initial report, as recommended in Inclosure 1, and that subsequent reports be issued on a quarterly basis. Supplementary reports should be issued at more frequent intervals should the need for same be indicated.
This project is assigned priority 2A, with a security classification of "restricted" and Code Name of "SIGN". Where data of a classification higher than restricted is handled by the project such data should be classified accordingly. A complete interchange of data should be effected as recommended in Inclosure 1.
[[1382]]
BY COMMAND OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF:
L. C. CRAIGIE
Major General, U.S.Air Force
Director of Research and Development
Office, Deputy Chief of Staff, Material
4 Incls
Memo dtd 23 Sept '47 from AMC to AC/AS-2 (Gen Schulgen)
Memo dtd 24 Sept '47 from AMC to AC/AS-2 (Gen McDonald)
Memo dtd 19 Dec '47 to Gen Craigie
R&R from Dir of Intell. w/2 Dools
[[1383]]
“Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the United States”, Study #203, by the USAF Directorate of Intelligence (“DI”) and the Office of Naval Intelligence. (Commonly referred to, controversially, as “the Ghost of the Estimate”. Also referred to as “Air Intelligence Report No. 100-203-79”). Text available online on various websites, including here and here.
DOCUMENT BELOW;
TOP SECRET
LOAN DOCUMENT
T/S CONTROL NO 2-7341
OFFICE TO WHICH LOANED AFOIN-2A
89A
DATE DUE IN AFOIN-C/DD 8 July 1952
PLEASE RETURN THIS DOCUMENT ON DATE SPECIFIED ABOVE TO AFOIN-C/DD, ROOM
5C116 ATTENTION: TOP SECRET CONTROL OFFICER.
When the attached document is withdrawn
the classification of this sheet will be
changed to UNCLASSIFIED in accordance
with PAR 25c, AFR 205-1.
TOP SECRET
TOP SECRET
2-7341
DATE 28 APR 1949
NO 100-203-79
CY. NO 102 OF 103
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
TOP SECRET AF cy 102
CONTROL
No 6637
TOP SECRET
TOP SECRET
ANALYSIS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS IN THE U.S.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
P R O B L E M
1. TO EXAMINE pattern of "Flying Saucers" (hereinafter referred to as flying objects) and to develop conclusions as to the possibility of existence.
FACTS AND DISCUSSION
2. A DETAILED discussion of information bearing on the problem as set forth above is attached as Appendix "A". The main points established therein are summarized below.
3. THE FREQUENCY of reported incidents, the similarity in many of the characteristics attributed to the observed objects and the quality of observers considered as a whole, support the contention that some type of flying object has been observed. Approximately 210 incidents have been reported. Among the observers reporting on such incidents are trained and experienced U.S. Weather Bureau personnel, USAF rated officers, experienced civilian pilots, technicians associated with various research projects and technicians employed by commercial airlines.
4. THE POSSIBILITY that reported observations of flying objects over the U.S. were influenced by previous sightings of unidentified phenomena in Europe, particularly over Scandinavia in 1946, and that the observers reporting such incidents may have been interested in obtaining personal publicity have been considered as possible explanations. However, these possibilities seem to be improbable when certain selected reports such as the one from U.S. Weather Bureau at Richmond are examined.
During observations of weather balloons at the Richmond Bureau, one well trained observer has sighted strange metallic disks on three occasions and another observer has sighted a similar object on one occasion. The last observation of unidentified objects was in April, 1947. On all four occasions the weather balloon and the unidentified objects were in view through the theodolite. These observations at the Richmond Bureau occurred several months before publicity on the flying saucers appeared in a U.S. new spaper.
5. DESCRIPTIONS OF the flying objects fall into three configuration categories: (1) disk-shaped (2) rough cigar-shaped (3) balls of fire. Varying conditions of visibility and differences in angles at which the objects may have been viewed introduces a possibility that a single type object may have been observed rather than three different types. This possibility is further substantiated by the fact that in the areas where such objects have been observed the ratio of the three general configurations is approximately the same.
6. THEREFORE, IT appears that some object has been seen; however, the identification of that object cannot be readily accomplished on the basis of information reported on each incident. It is possible that the object, or objects, may have been domestically launched devices such as weather balloons, rockets, experimental flying wing aircraft, or celestial phenomena. It is necessary to obtain information on such domestic activity to confirm or deny this possibility. Depending upon the degree with which this may be accomplished, foreign devices must then be considered as a possibility.
7. THE PATTERN of sightings is definable. Sightings have been most intense throughout the states bordering the Atlantic and Pacific coast lines, and the central states of Ohio and Kentucky. A map showing location of sightings is attached as Appendix "B".
TOP SECRET
- 1 -
TOP SECRET
8. THE ORIGIN of the devices is not ascertainable. There are two possibilities:
(1) The objects are domestic devices, and if so, their identification or origin can be established by a survey of all launchings of airborne objects. Domestic flying wing type aircraft observed in various aspects of flight might be responsible for some of the reported flying objects, particularly those described as disks and rough cigar shapes.
(See Appendices "C" and "D".) Among those which have been operational in recent years are the XF5U-1 ("Flying Flapjack") developed by Chance-Vaught, the Northrup B-35, and the turbo-jet powered Northrup YB-49. The present existence of any privately developed flying-wing type aircraft has not been determined but one such aircraft, the Arup tailless monoplane, was operational at South Bend, Indiana, prior to 1935.
(2) Objects are foreign, and if so, it would seem most logical to consider that they are from a Soviet source. The Soviets possess information on a number of German flying-wing type aircraft such as the Gotha P60A, Junkers EF 130 long-range, high-speed jet bomber and the Horten 229 twin-jet fighter, which particularly resembles some of the description of unidentified flying objects (See Appendix "D").
As early as 1924 Tscheranowsky developed a "Parabola" aircraft, an all wing design, which was the outcome of considerable Soviet experimentation with gliders of the same general form. Soviet aircraft based on such designs might have speeds approaching trans-sonic speeds attributed to some flying objects or greater over-all performance assuming the successful development of some unusual propulsion device such as atomic energy engine.
9. THAT THE Soviets have a current interest in flying-wing type aircraft is suggested by their utilization of Dr. Guenther Bock who, at the end of World War II, was in charge of the flying-wing program in Germany (See Appendix "A", paragraph 3, page 4). Achievements satisfactory to the U.S.S.R. are indirectly indicated by the personal recognition he is reported to be receiving in the U.S.S.R.
Recently it has been reported that the U.S.S.R. is planning to build a fleet of 1,800 Horten flying-wing aircraft. Information of low evaluation has been received stating that a regiment of jet night fighters, Model Horten XIII, is at Kuzmikha, an air base two miles south-west of Irkutsk. Kuzmikha is identified as one of a number of airfields for the protection of an atomic energy plant at Irkutsk. The Horten XIII as developed by Germany was a glider.
10. ASSUMING THAT the objects might eventually be identified as foreign or foreign-sponsored devices, the possible reasons for their appearance over the U.S. requires consideration. Several possible explanations appear noteworthy, viz:
a. To negate U.S. confidence in the atom bomb as the most advanced and decisive weapon in warfare.
b. To perform photographic reconnaissance missions.
c. To test U.S. air defenses.
d. To conduct familiarization flights over U.S. territory.
CONCLUSIONS
11. SINCE the Air Force is responsible for control of the air in the defense of the U.S., it is imperative that all other agencies cooperate in confirming or denying the possibility that these objects have a domestic origin. Otherwise, if it is firmly indicated that there is no domestic explanation, the objects are a threat and warrant more active efforts of identification and interception.
12. IT MUST be accepted that some type of flying objects have been observed, although their identification and origin are not discernable. In the interest of national defense it would be unwise to overlook the possibility that some of these objects may be of foreign origin.
TOP SECRET
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TOP SECRET
APPENDIX "A"
ANALYSIS OF FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS IN THE U.S.
AND HYPOTHETICAL TACTICS EMPLOYED
1. INTRODUCTION.
To formulate the possible tactics of flying objects reported over the U.S. assumes from the outset that firm conclusions have been reached on both the existence and origin of the reported flying objects. The current status of information on such incidents and over-all analysis does not allow substantiation for such conclusions. However, the lack of such firm conclusions points to the necessity for an immediate and sound statistical analysis of every aspect of the situation and does not preclude a concurrent examination of the reported incidents to develop explanations of their possible tactics.
The latter will be useful at some future date should the existence and origin of the flying objects be definitely established.
Therefore, the following analysis of available information is advanced in order to present evidence on the actual existence of some type flying object and to relate same to tactical purposes for which the objects are possibly designed. The foll owing discussion must be considered a provisional analysis, pending a further detailed analysis of all aspects of the problem.
2. SOME ASPECTS REGARDING FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS. A cursory examination of evidence on reported incidents has been made and it is possible to cite certain generalities which it appears may be borne out when detailed analyses have been completed.
Among the incidents reported there are many statements by reliable and experienced persons which tend to confirm that flying objects have been seen. The description of such objects seems to fall roughly into three categories: (1) Silver disks or balls, approximating a Horten wing type aircraft; (2) Balls of fire of various colors and intensities; (3) Cigar or pencil-shaped objects similar in appearance to V-2 type rockets in horizontal flight. The numbers of configurations might be further reduced with the following considerations in mind: Silver disks or balls have, for the greater part, been observed in daylight and a number under clear weather conditions with visibility unlimited. In most instances, balls of fire have been observed at night.
Cigar, or pencil-shaped objects have been sighted in fewer numbers but with about equal distribution in daylight and at night. A few accounts tell of the disks having a rough cigar-shape when viewed while maneuvering. Some of the disks are d escribed as having luminosity in daylight. It therefore is possible that a single type of object may be involved in all sightings, and differences in description may result from viewing the objects at various angles and under differing conditions of visibility.
The above tends to indicate that some type object has been seen and the possibility exists that the object or objects seen are conventional domestic devices, such as weather balloons, test rockets, or jet-equipped aircraft with pancake or flying wing configurations.
The possibility exists that the reporting of flying objects may have been influenced by earlier reports on similar incidents in Scandinavia and Central Europe. The publication in newspaper of details on such incidents, both foreign and domestic, may have induced some of the description provided in reported domestic incidents.
However, one of the earliest reported sightings in the U.S. was the one observed by U.S. Weather Bureau personnel in April 1947, at Richmond, Virginia, and on the basis of this one report it appears that the disks are not balloons. It would seem that this sighting was not influenced by the reports of foreign incidents, the newspaper accounts of domestic incidents, nor by misidentification of a conventional object.
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Although reported domestic incidents are widely scattered throughout the U.S., frequency of sighting and number of observers per sighting assumes a definable pattern. There is a large concentration of sightings along the Eastern Seaboard; another large concentration throughout the Western Coast states, and a few sightings in the Middle West. Distribution of incidents by configuration of object and description of maneuverability is approximately equal in each of these areas and this is believed to further substantiate the possibility that one type of object might have been observed in different aspects of flight.
If sightings are induced by rumor, it seems unusual that more incidents have not been reported from the areas with high concentration of population. Reports from such areas would also have greater facility in channeling either to newspaper or official reporting agencies. For the most part, sightings have been made in fairly open country where there are few restrictions to visibility, which may indicate that obstructed vision has reduced sightings in built-up areas.
It therefore seems that some type of flying object has been observed; the identification of its origin requires the competion (sic) of other analyses.
3. POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF UNUSUAL FLYING OBJECTS.
Provided, upon the completion of analyses, it is indicated that some or all of the reported flying objects over the U.S. are of foreign origin, the objects could from a logical viewpoint, be considered Soviet. It is evident from the performance characteristics attributed to the unidentified objects at this time that if they are foreign, they involve efficiencies of performance which have not been realized in any operational airborne device in this country.
It would, therefore, be a mistake to analyze the technical aspects of the situation within the limits of our own knowledge of practical developments. It is more desirable to consider then the outer limits of possible Soviet developments and objectives in attempting to formulate some idea of the tactics which might be involved.
First of all, the scientific objectives of the U.S.S.R. have been stated many times and indicated in many forms. The most clearcut statement of this objective is probably contained in the preamble to the Fourth Five-year Plan (1946-50) which states that the objective of Soviet science is to overtake and surpass the scientific and technical developments of the capitalist nations.
It apparently would be an impossible task for the Soviet Union to accomplish such an objective by proceeding step-by-step along the same lines of development already achieved in the capitalist nations. This would mean that it would be necessary to rapidly proceed through each phase of aeronautical development that has already been accomplished in this country, and this probably would never have any prospects of accelerating Soviet development beyond any point reached by the U.S.
The obvious answer to accomplish their objective of not only overtaking, but surpassing the capitalist countries would be a scient ific shortcut. This possibility is not so remote when examined on the basis of our knowledge of the current situation in the U.S.S.R.
Provided Soviet emphasis was given to the most promising and advanced ideas acquired from Germany in 1945 and the work aided by German scientists, the possibility of catching up and possibly surpassing other nations in technical developments becomes more realistic. It becomes even more realistic if the Soviets have shown a tendency to concentrate on certain developments which have still not received a maximum of priority in our own programs.
It is known that the U.S.S.R. has since 1945 enlisted the service of Dr. Guenther Bock, a German who headed all development of low aspect ratio (flying wing) type aircraft in Germany. Dr. Bock is believed to be the top German scientist in charge at TSAGI and TSIAM which are "Air Materiel Command" type organizations in the U.S.S.R. Further, it is believed that Dr. Bock has made available all German plans for flying wing type aircraft to the Soviets. Among the designs considered by the Germans and possibly exploited by the U.S.S.R, are jet-propelled, flying wing type aircraft whose configuration would be similar to descriptions of certain objects reported flying over the U.S.
The estimated speeds of such aircraft are within range of the lower limits of speed attributed to flying objects over the U.S. It Is not impossible that emphasis on surpassing foreign developments has led to unusual progress in fuels and propulsion by the U.S.S.R. In connection with possible advancemen ts in the field of fuels and propulsion.
Uruguay - Air Force Declassified Files
ET Hypothesis Not Dismissed
By Daniel Iglesias
40 UFO cases remained unexplained in Uruguay;
The UFO phenomenon has manifested itself many times in Uruguay. Thirty years after research began, 40 cases remain unexplained. The files were declassified and EL PAIS was allowed access to them
The Uruguayan Air Force will not publish a "Blue Book" containing the results of its 30 years of research, but the high command allowed EL PAIS access to records and eyewitness accounts.
While the Air Force commission that studies these cases has been operating for only a few decades, the UFO phenomenon began in Uruguay in 1947, at the same time that worldwide enthusiasm for the subject commenced. While Uruguay is no Roswell, the emblematic location for the subject of ETs, it is a place that is catalogued as propitious for seeing unidentified flying objects, according to Col. Ariel Sanchez, an Air Force officer with 33 years of active service and who has formed part of the UFO commission since 1989. He currently presides over it.
The agency operates out of a small office located in downtown Montevideo and has a computer database and print archives as well, which have not yet been computerized. There are hundreds of files in green binders under the heading "Confidential", containing eyewitness accounts, photographs, sketches, drawings, documents and evaluations made by officials.
Unsolved cases. The files consist of reports that accrue at a rate of 100 cases per year. The commission has received approximately 2100 solid reports and has researched and dismissed many for various reasons. But there are still 40 cases lacking an explanation. These files have been kept open, and range from sightings and landings of alleged craft to so-called abductions, that is to say, report on the kidnapping of persons by extraterrestrial entities.
The international definition conceived by U.S. astrophysicist Allen Hynek divides these situations into three categories: encounters of the first kind are those involving a sighting; those of the second kind are those that record a landing, and the third kind -- the sort most exploited by filmmakers -- make reference to an encounter with an unidentified flying object and its occupants.
The military commission's task is to compile a record of cases and draft guidelines or conclusions regarding their veracity and origin. They have obtained solid results: "The commission managed to determine modifications to the chemical composition of the soil where landings are reported. The phenomenon exists. It could be a phenomenon that occurs in the lower sectors of the atmosphere, the landing of aircraft from a foreign air force, up to the extraterrestrial hypothesis.
It could a monitoring probe from outer space, much in the same way that we send probes to explore distant worlds," stated the officer. "The UFO phenomenon exists in the country. I must stress that the Air Force does not dismiss an extraterrestrial hypothesis based on our scientific analysis," said Sanchez.
The commission still keeps several paper files, above all those involving open cases. The FAU (Uruguayan Air Force) has now declassified all of its information, even those labeled "confidential". Only the identity of the witnesses remains undisclosed. All manner of situations can be found while perusing the file.
In a case that occurred some time ago in the Department of Durazno, the witness reported the appearance of places where an aircraft appeared to have landed. Upon analyzing the soil's composition, an increase in the values of minerals such as chrome, manganese, phosphorus and carbon was detected, enabling researchers to conclude that the event had indeed been real.
Another singular case is found in these military annals: the appearance of two reddish spheres, flying silently over the heads of two teamsters driving cattle. The objects moved at high speed in opposite directions and the vanished toward the West at high speed.
Records indicate that the months prone to most manifestations of these objects are February, March, July and October. In February of this year (2009), the commission received numerous reports accompanied by digital photographs. Photographs or film are not a determining factor in any case, but rather a contribution, explains Sanchez, given the current technical possibilities for hoaxing images.
Unsolved cases have a considerable high strangeness quotient for the FAU. For example, the 1986 pursuit by two Pucara jet fighters over the Palmar Dam in response to the maneuvers of a luminous sphere. The pilots joined together and decided to chase it. When they were about to intercept it, the sphere flew off at a dizzying rate of speed toward Argentina and could not be reached. When the pilots returned to their base, the sphere reappeared over the dam. But the same thing occurred - the chase occurred and it vanished from sight, changing colors from red to yellow.
A similar case occurred to a group of military pilots in 1996, that is to say, qualified observers engaged in exercises over the Santa Bernardina base in Durazno. As in 1986, they saw two luminous spheres, whose presence was corroborated by the airport's control tower. When the objects flew away, they maintained their shape and luminosity, which enabled the spherical shape to be confirmed.
Minutes later, the pilots noticed their glow diminished, and only their outline was illuminated. "The weren't satellites, as they do not fly in formation or that low, since these objects were at 10,000 feet (3,000 meters, approximately), nor do satellites diminish their glow," says Sanchez.
Among other reports we find the one by the crew of a commercial airline - a domestic carrier - that was pursued by a powerful light in 1979 as it returned from Paraguay. The light was even photographed by passengers. This case is also unexplained.
The Air Force also has visual reports of a dozen mutilated animals whose carcasses betrayed incisions made with surgical precision. These reports go back to 2002. No coherent explanation was ever found, but research by the military commission suggests the hypothesis that it was a possible biochemical attach that probably occurred in Argentina, where 700 mutilated animals were found. "It could have been the result of winds blowing from the West," said the officer. FAU does not dismiss the possibility of an extraterrestrial event. This is another unsolved case.
Military statistics show that the customary profile of people reporting sightings involve young men up to 45 years of age. They also indicate that cases occur in the early hours of the evening, and usually involve a single witness. 49% of statistics are made up of reports of luminous spheres; barely 2% include occupant sightings.
Nor has Uruguay been immune to close encounters of the third kind. The most chilling aspect of any UFO case is usually a report involving the abduction of humans for research purposes.
There have been several cases in Uruguay that remain unexplained. One of them occurred in Playa Pascual in 1980 and involved a camper, who was on the shore at night and was suddenly taken by surprise by short beings who immobilized him and conveyed him to a vehicle, where he was subjected to a medical examination. He later woke up in his tent and had a hard time moving. Another "missing time" case involved a family that was driving along the road when an aircraft flew over their vehicle and landed in front of them. They were unable to account for what had occurred to them for several minutes.
(Translation (c) 2009, S. Corrales, IHU. Special thanks to Lucas Grossi, noticiasufo.blogspot.com)
Its looking like the South American countries like Uruguay & Chilean are getting their act together in joint military and civilian UFO investigation's and research,encouraging developments and very significant in the credibility stakes regarding the UFO reality becoming more acceptable in academical and military intelligence circles
Military Jets UFO chase over Palmar Dam.
Below is the interview with Colonel Ariel Sanchez, Chairman of CRIDOVNI.
Among those 40 cases with a high Level of Strangeness which one caught your attention the most?
Could you describe it?
The most shocking events involved Uruguayan aircraft pursuing a UFO. It occurred mainly in 1986. Two military aircraft tried to intercept a UFO which entered Uruguayan airspace without authorization. I believe the Official UFO Night in Brazil occurred in the same year and month (19 May 1986).
Do you believe this UFO pursuit in Uruguay was part of the same phenomenon seen in Brazil (When more than 20 round-shaped UFOs of around 100m in diameter jammed radars of several capitals in South-Eastern Brazil)?
I would have to check the dates in our files, but it is possible. It was around 20h30 when those two fighters I’ve mentioned tried to approach an object maneuvering over a dam. They tried twice to reach the UFO. They didn’t succeed because the object managed to escape maneuvering at great speed which our aircraft could not follow.
What were the procedures adopted in the investigation of this case?
We collected all the flight data such as the type of our aircraft, duration and speed of their flight, etc, then we had a thorough interview with the pilots. They were four pilots aboard two Argentine-made FMAIA 58 Pucara — a two-turboprop-engined aircraft for fast combat. (Pucara means fortress in Quechua language. This aircraft was often used during the war over the Falklands). The Pucara reached a 400 to 500/h speed but the UFO was much faster. We estimate it to be at around 1.000 km/h. That was double our speed if not more.
Besides the incredible speed did the UFO display any other signals of a possible extraordinary origin?
Yes. A peculiar thing was seeing the object changing colors while increasing its acceleration. It went from yellow to orange then turned red. It moved away at an enormous speed until it disappeared from our sight. In a second attempt to intercept it, the object did the same thing: when the Pucara got closer, the UFO vanished at an incredible speed towards the West. Without much they could do the pilots simply quit the pursuit and returned to the base.
For how long did they try to intercept the UFO in that second attempt?
Just for a few minutes, because it vanished when the pilots tried to approach. Strangely enough, the object always returned to the same spot after our aircraft moved away — as if it were playing with our crewmen. There was a moment when the UFO was surrounding the dam and our pilots tried to reach it with a fast maneuver - one with a 30 or 40-second response
Then what happened?
When the object noticed the maneuver it moved away to the West at a high speed.
What happened to the pilots after such an experience?
Due to the stress they cancelled their training and returned to the Durazno Air Base (FAU’s most important site, located in the middle of the country). By getting there they reported the event to the officials. At the same time they learned that Montevideo had been hit by a blackout. It lasted for a few minutes and affected the whole city. It was due to the overheating of a power line which came from the exact spot where the UFO was seen over the dam. I should add that the Durazno base is where pilot trainings are mostly held. There are many different aircraft stationed there.
Did Cridovni consider one fact against the other? That is, did you associate the UFO over the dam with
the blackout in Montevideo?
Yes. We believed the object must have affected the power line in some way causing the overheating. This is a supposition based on technical data provided by the power company itself (Usinas y Trasmisiones Eléctricas - UTE). Their technicians detected an overheating in some transformers in the line that supplies the capital city.
We suppose this might be a result of that incident. After all, there must be a reason why it was over the dam. It must have been doing something there. What it was we don’t know. Security guards and employees also witnessed the object flight around the dam that night. The object was seen from the ground and from the air. This leaves no doubt about its materiality.
Did you talk with the Pucara pilots? How was their emotional?
They were quite surprised with what they had seen. I personally interviewed the four of them, one by one, pursuant to our protocol for investigation. All narratives were coincident regarding the shape and maneuvers of the object. Our crewmen were affected by what they experienced.
Do they still work in the Air Force?
Only one of them remains in the Air Force.
Would you like to have been in their feet? What would have been your reaction if you were in one of those Pucara?
I would love to have been there (laughing), but I think my reaction would also be one of total surprise. Actually, I don’t know what I would do at the time. One never knows. The aircraft involved were twoturboprop-engined fighters. There could have been some kind of hostility between the parties. However, in such situation the pilot must ask for permission before taking any action such as to fire a missile.
There is a protocol for that in our country. According to Uruguayan law, we can’t fire at an aircraft unless under presidential orders or in a real combat situation. A pilot might think about doing something, but will be subjected to superior orders and to the protocol for interception of unknown vehicles.
link; http://www.rense.com/general86/urg.htm
Very significant developments regarding a joint UFO investigation happening with the Uruguayan military;
quote;
Sometimes I find it very odd that very important matters regarding South American Ufology (or Ufology from anywhere else other than US and Canada, especially) do not circulate here, or aren't discussed when they do.
Well, the big thing happening in South American Ufology this time is something really remarkable and can't go un-reported here.
As of last Sunday, the two major and oldest _official_ UFO research organizations in South American, one from Uruguay (founded in 1979) and other from Chile (founded on 1997), have decided to establish a cooperation agreement to work together to both investigate new cases, to evaluate new and old cases and to promote Ufology in general among the scientific community of all South America, but, of course, concentrated in both countries.
The organizations involved are Uruguayan Air Force (FAU)'s Comision Receptadora y Investigadora de Denuncias de Objectos Voladores No Identificados (Cridovni) and Chilean Civilian Aviation Department's Centro de Estudios de Fenomenos Aereos Anomalos (CEFAA).
Both were represented in this agreement by several of their members and the document was signed by Uruguayan Coronel Ariel Sanchez and Chilean General Ricardo
Bermudez.
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